职称英语《综合A》阅读理解试题及答案(2)
text three
Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing?
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In today's knowledge economy, nations survive on the things they do best. Japanese design electronics while Germans export engineering techniques. The French serve the best food and Americans make computers.
Britain specializes in the gift of talking. The nation doesn't manufacture much of anything. But it has lawyers, stylists and business consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk.
The World Foundation think tank says the UK's four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers,teachers and nurses. Instead, they're hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers.
But can all this talking keep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can.
Although the country's trade deficit was more than —— 60 billion in 2006, UK's largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. In fact, Britain does have a world-class pharmaceutical industry, and it still makes a *** all sum from selling arms abroad. It also trades services accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. The government believes Britain is on the cutting edge of the knowledge economy. After all, the country of Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a literary tradition of which to be proud. Rockn' roll is an English language medium, and there are billions to be made by their cutting-edge bands. In other words, the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the British economy.
However, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of UK's exports of goods and services. The industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts. The report shows only 38 percent of British companies were engaged in "innovation activities", 3 percentage points below the EU average and well below Germany (61 percent) and Sweden (47 percent).
In fact, it might be better to call Britain a "servant" economy -- there are at least 4 million people "in service". The majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook,clean, and take care of their children. Many graduates are even doing menial jobs for which they do not need a degree. Most employment growth has been, and will continue to be, at the low-skill end of the service sector -- in shops, bars, hotels, domestic service and in nursing and care homes.
36. According to the World Foundation think tank, one of the iconic jobs in Britain today is
A. law makers.
B. business consultants.
C. home servants.
D. school teachers.
37. The phrase "the cutting edge" in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. the most popular.
B. the most political.
C. the most advanced.
D. the proudest.
38. The officials are not worried about the trade deficit in 2006, because they believe
A. Britain is home to the largest pharmaceutical industry in the world.
B. the literary tradition of Britain will help make billions of pounds.
C. Britain is one cutting edge of the knowledge economy.
D. the world economy is strong enough to carry the Britain economy.
39. Which of the following is true about the creative industries in Britain?
A. They contribute a lot to the country's trade deficit.
B. They are not doing as well as those in other European nations. '
C. They can't make a profit out of their innovation activities.
D. They make Britain on the cutting edge of the knowledge economy.
40. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. the gift of talking can keep the British economy growing.
B. the British government is over-confident in its economy.
C. the British economy is the least innovative one in the EU.
D. being a servant to the rich is one of the best jobs in Britain.
text four
What's Killing the Bats
First it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the *** all-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some cases, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.
One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌) known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don't know if the fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.
Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can't eat enough food, they starve to death.
Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠) bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.
Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences.
Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects theyeat. While bats live a long time for their size -- the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years- a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.
How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. All species of bats in North America are dying.
B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of bats.
C. The bat deaths are a serious problem.
D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.
32. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?
A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.
B. The first article on the website is about bees.
C. Bees usually die before bats.
D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.
33. The word "pipistrelle" in Paragraph 1 refers to
A. a kind of fungus.
B. an area in the U.S.
C. a special cave.
D. a kind of bat.
34. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example of
A. diseases that kill bats.
B. Insects that bats eat.
C. animals that have diseases.
D. bat species that are starving to death.
35. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A. To get people to stop killing bats.
B. To hire workers for the Fish Wildlife Department.
C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.
D. To tell the public how to help bats.
全国专业技术人员职称外语？
① 全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试多少分合格
全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试合格分数线分国家和地方两种。
国家线60分，地方线因各地区而有所区别，一般低于60分。附国家分数线和地方分数线。
合格标准
职称英语考试满分100分，通过线包括国家和地方两种，国家线保持60分通过线，地方线因各地区而有所区别，以等于或低于60分为原则，有的低至25分。
人事部公布的职称英语合格线全国通用标准为60分，成绩长期有效。
全国职称英语考试各省会根据当年考试情况制定当年的省合格分数线，分数线相对较低于60分，大概会在40-55分，地方不同相应的分数线也有可能不同。但成绩有效期也相应较短，一般为当年有效。
2014年全国职称英语合格标准汇总如下：
全国：60分
四川：52分
江苏：60分
天津：通用合格标准60分；市合格标准40分，1975年1月1日前出生人员地方合格标准均为40分
黑龙江：40分
山西：60分
吉林：50分；年满45周岁报考A级、40周岁报考B级、35周岁报考C级的，合格标准为40分。
北京：60分
湖北：50分
内蒙古：50分
浙江：50分
广东：60分
上海：60分
湖南：50分
辽宁：60分
广西：60分
海南：50分
山东：60分
安徽：60分
河北：国家通用合格标准为60分，省内当年有效合格标准为40分
2011年全国职称英语合格标准汇总如下：
山东：60分
重庆：60分
吉林：省内合格标准为50分；年满45岁报A级、40周岁报B级、35岁报C级为40分
天津：地区标准为45分；1971年1月1日前出生人员地方合格标准为40分
四川：60分
河北：60分
山西：60分
云南：60分
北京：60分
海南：60分
广西：60分
安徽：60分
福建：60分
内蒙古：55分
江苏：60分
辽宁：60分
江西：A级：55分；B级：56分；C级：55分
湖南：50分
湖北：60分
上海：60分
浙江：60分
新疆：60分
贵州：60分
河南：60分
广东：60分
陕西：60分
甘肃：60分
青海：60分
宁夏：60分
黑龙江：25分
*** ：60分
② 全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试发证机关是哪里
全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。该考试根据专业技术人员使用英语的实际情况，把考试的重点放在了阅读理解上面。
为加强专业技术人员外语学习，提高专业技术人员队伍的整体素质，增强专业技术人员在国际经济技术合作中的竞争能力，促进经济、社会发展和科技进步，1998年7月人事部发布了《关于专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试的通知》，决定自1999年开始，实行全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试。通知规定，凡专业技术职务试行条例中规定专业技术人员需具备一定外语水平的，在晋升专业技术职务时应参加相应级别的职称外语统一考试。
职称外语统一考试由人事部统筹规划、指导并确定合格标准。考试考务工作的组织与实施由人事部人事考试中心负责。考试每年举行一次，时间一般安排在3月最后一个星期，一般只在地级以上城市设立考点。
全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分三个专业类别：综合类、理工类、卫生类。每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50%。三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。
③ 全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试一年可以考几次
没了，一年只考一次。至于考理工还是综合，理工偏于工科性质的工作岗版位，综合则适用于权经济、会计、统计、政工等专业。在这一方面的选择上，关键是看你所在单位的要求。如果，单位不具备职称评审资格，而参加地方的评审，那么可以咨询地方人才考评中心。
④ 急！【全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试】的英语全称和缩写分别是什么
全称：Professional Rank English Test for National Technicians
缩写(PRE *** )
全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试
⑤ 全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试有什么用是终身有效的吗
1、职称英语考试，是用来评职称的。参加统考，成绩分数一般有省线和国线两种，过省线，那么职称英语成绩就是有时间限制的，如果是过的国线，那么成绩就是终身有效的。
2、专业技术人员 指依照国家人才法律法规，经过国家人事部门全国统考合格，并经国家主管部委注册备案，颁发注册执业证书，在企业或事业单位从事专业技术工作的技术人员及具有前述执业证书并从事专业技术管理工作，在1983年以前评定了专业技术职称或在1984年以后考取了国家执行资格并具有专业技术执业证书的人员。
3、全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项外语考试，它根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和应用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别职称的专业技术人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。该考试根据专业技术人员使用英语的实际情况，把考试的重点放在了阅读理解上面。
⑥ 全国专业技术人员职称外语考试有什么用,我用不用考呢
全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试评聘职称所用的，如你要评中级职称一般需要考C 级，如要评高级就要考A级，象你这种情况评职称还没到年限，如果有时间的话可以先考，这个是终身有效的，有的人怕以后年纪大了英语不行，很多先考的，不过你的单位你没说清楚，不知工资是否按职称拿，如果不是的话，评职称是没有用的。
⑦ 每年考试的全国专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试是全国通用吗
是全国通用的。如果考试成绩过了人事部规定的合格线（一般为60分），则在全国范围都长期合格有效，如果只过了各省单独规定的合格线，则只在各省范围内短时间有效。 考试合格者获得人事部统一印制的《职称外语等级考试合格证书》，在全国范围有效。 具体情况为：
1、在中央批准的各专业技术职务试行条例中，对不同系列、不同职务层次专业技术人员的外语能力都做出了规定。凡依据相应专业技术职务条例受聘担任相应专业技术职务的人员，均应按照《关于专业技术人员职称外语等级统一考试的通知》（人发[1998]54号）规定的范围，报名参加相应语种、级别的外语水平测试，主要测试专业技术人员阅读理解外文专业基础文献的能力。
2、全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试由人事部组织，采取统一大纲、闭卷笔试的形式进行。考试设英语、日语、俄语、德语、法语和西班牙语6个语种，每个语种分为A、 B、C三个等级。其中，英语划分为综合、理工、卫生3个专业类别。其它语种不分专业类别。
3、最普遍参加的是职称英语等级考试，包括综合类、理工类和卫生类3个专业，每个专业类别的考试各分A、B、C三个等级。考试总的评价目标是：申报A级的人员在2小时内应完成3000词左右的阅读任务，并能正确理解所读材料的内容；申报B级和C级的人员指标分别降为2600词和2200词。
4、各地报名时间一般在11月开始至次年1月份。各地报名时间不同，具体内容可以咨询当地人事考试中心。职称英语等级考试一般于每年3月份举行。A、B、C三个等级考试的总分各为100分，考试时间均为2小时。
5、关于合格成绩：人事部公布的职称英语合格线一般为60分合格，该成绩长期有效。
各省则会根据当年考试情况制定当年的省合格分数线，分数线相对较低于60分，大概会在40-55分，地方不同相应的分数线也有可能不同。但该成绩的合格有效期也相应较短，一般为当年有效。
⑧ 全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试的报考范围
凡晋升、聘任专业技术职务，其级别属专业技术职务试行条例中规定需具备一定外语水平的专业技术人员，及过去参加国家统一的中级专业技术资格考试（会计师、经济师、统计师、审计师），成绩合格，已取得专业技术资格的专业技术人员应参加职称外语等级考试。但对1977年全国恢复高考前入学的大、中专毕业生，现从事图书资料、文博、档案、群众文化、工艺美术、中医、中药工作以及在大、中专学校、技工学校从事公共政治理论课、中古字号课程教学的专业技术人员，可选考古汉语（医古文）或外语。1977年恢复高考后入学的大、中专毕业生，必须参加职称外语等级考试。
全国职称英语等级划分和适用人员
考试按职称的系列、级别分为A、B、C三个等级，专业人员按规定的级别任选一个语种参加考试。其中英语又按照专业不同分为分英语综合、英语理工、英语卫生三个类别。考试主要测试专业技术人员阅读理解外文专业基础文献的能力。报考人员可根据评审要求及自己所从事的专业工作，选择一个语种及有关类别参加考试。 考试合格由市职改办颁发人事部统一印制的《职称外语等级考试合格证书》，在全国范围有效。
（一）A级
1、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系统列申报高级；
2、申请报高级国际商务师；
3、其它系列申报正高级。
（二）B级
1、工程、农业、卫生系列的县属（含县）以下单位工作人员申报高级；
2、高教、科研、卫生、工程、农业系列申报中级；
3、翻译系列申报高级第二外语；
4、高级未分正副的系列（不含工程系列）审报高级；其它系列申报副高级。
（三）C级
1、除翻译系列外，申报高级第二外语；
2、翻译系列申报中级第二外语；
3、工程、农业、卫生系列在县属（含县）以下单位工作人员申报中级；
4、其它系列申报中级。
全国职称英语免试条件
（一）对经证明具有较高外语能力的专业技术人员，可不参加职称外语考试。
1、具有国家认定的相应留学经历的；
2、申报副高级职称时职称外语考试成绩达到要求，申报正高级职称需再次参加同一级别考试的；
3、出版过外语专著、译著或以其他方式证明具备较高外语水平，并经一定程序确认的。
（二）符合下列条件之一的专业技术人员，可放宽外语成绩要求或不参加职称外语考试。
1、经审核确认，能力业绩突出、在本行业本地区作出重要贡献的；
2、在乡镇以下基层单位（经省级 *** 人事部门批准，可放宽至县级以下基层单位）从事专业技术工作的；
3、在地市以下单位，长期在野外从事农业、林业、水利、采矿、测绘、勘探、铁路施工、公路施工等专业技术工作的；
4、年龄较大并长期从事专业技术工作的。
（三）符合下列条件之一的专业技术人员，可不参加职称外语考试。
1、从事具有中国特色、民族传统的临床中医药、民族医药、工艺美术、古籍整理、历史时期考古等专业技术工作的；
2、取得外语专业大专以上学历并从事本专业工作，申报职称有二外语要求的；
3、申报各系列初级职称的。
注：节选自国人部发[2007]37号文件
职称英语《卫生B》专项试题及答案(2)
part C
Medical Education
In 18th century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King's College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine.
Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King's College) was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.
In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary (私营的 ) schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had 10W standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association(AMA) and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals,and licensing of medical practitioners (开业医师) that survive to this day.
By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 1,424 medical colleges recognized by the Liaison(联络) Committee on Medical Education to offer the M. D. degree; during the 1987-1988 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship ( 实习期 ) , receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.
1. In 18th century America, higher institutions of learning that taught medicine __________.
A. did not exist
B. were few in number
C. were better than those in Europe
D. were known for their teaching hospitals
2. Initially most proprietary schools of medicine in America __________.
A. had established professionals
B. had good facilities
C. had high standards
D. were in poor conditions
3. The AMA and AAMC established standards so as to __________.
A. recruit more students
B. set up more schools of medicine
C. ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice
D. prevent medical schools from making huge profits
4. After a year of internship medical graduates can start to practice __________.
A. if they have worked in a laboratory
B. if they have studied abroad for some time
C. if they have obtained an M. D. degree
D. if they have passed an examination
5. This passage is mainly about __________.
A. how medicine is taught in America
B. how medical education has developed in America
C. how the American educational system works
D. how one can become a good doctor
答案与解析
part A
1. C。细节题。题干：研究的目标是发现新的 *** 来 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此项研究的goal，即aim，这便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2. D。细节题。题干：研究者收集了下列东西，除了 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第四段。第四项应该是“参加研究的妇女及其婴儿家中的空气与水等物质”，而
不是“医院中的空气与水”。
3. A。细节题。题干：通过研究，国家的医疗费用期望可以 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第六段，即预计从长远的角度讲，此项研究将有利于节约国家卫生保健费用的开支。
4. B。细节题。题干：参与者的婴儿会被跟踪调查 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短。文的倒数第三段，即这些婴儿将从出生前一直被跟踪到21岁。
5. D。细节题。题干：下列关于研究参与者的说法哪一项是不正确的?利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。前三项在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，因为研究对象都是怀孕的妇女，不可能是所有年龄段的人们。
part B
1. A。细节题。题干：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?利用题干关键词可以定位到之一段：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能轻易地毁灭生命。
2. D。细节题。题干：Wignall是如何计算出远古火山爆发的杀伤力的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段。第二段有这样一句话：He calculated the“killing efficiency”for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced.(他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤力)。
3. D。细节题。题干：恐龙是什么时候灭绝的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段。其中有这么一句话：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.(他没有提及6500万年前恐龙的灭绝，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响)。
4. D。细节题。题干：从第三段还可以推导出有关恐龙的什么样的信息?在讨论第三题的答案时，我们已经注意到了，Wignall没有提6500万年前恐龙的灭绝是否跟火山爆发有关，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响。这就说明，关于恐龙灭绝的原因在科学家之间是有争议的。
5. B。主旨题。问题问的是：文章的主要论点是什么?答案在文章的之一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破坏力)。
part C
1. B。细节题。题干：在18世纪的美国，教授医学的'高等学习机构 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到文章之一段，可知在18世纪的美国，医学院校寥寥无几。如果有人想当医生，就要跟专业人员私下学，或者出国学习。直到1765年，才首次有高等院校正式开设医学课程。
2. D。细节题。题干：最初多数的私营医学院 __________。利用题目顺序与段落顺序一致的原则和题干关键词可以定位到文章第二段中的第二句，即早期的私营医学院校大都标准不高，设备较差。
3. C。细节题：AMA and AAMC设立了标准，以便 __________。利用题干中的专有名词可以定位到文章第二段的最后一句，即AMA与AAM制订了一系列标准，以保证医学教学与实践的质量。
4. D。细节题。经过一年实习的毕业生可以开始 __________。利用题干关键词可以定位到文章的最后一段，即医学毕业生经过一年的实习期后，要通过州或国家的相关考试，方可获取行医执照。
5. B。主旨题。题干：这篇文章主要是关于 __________。从文章的题目和内容可知，全文重点探讨的是美国医学教育的历史沿革。
职称英语理工类阅读判断专项试题及答案(2)
练习：
1.The country says that the investment of US $14 million is big enough for developing that country’s chip industry.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2.That country gives top priorities to developing chips for military purposes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3.Although the licensing fees are not very high, that Far Eastern country cannot afford to pay.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4.Many western countries ban the exporting of the most advanced chip-making technologies to that country to prevent them from being used for military purposes.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5.Currently, almost all the flagship chipmakers in that country are owned by American investors.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6.Mainstream chip production technology develop rapidly.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7.More than 10 chip plants being built in that country are an example of self-reliance.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1.B 本题给出的信息是错误的。最后一段说到，如果新建的芯片中心能在改善该国在芯片行业的被动形势中起重要作用，该国认为：“... the US $14 million investment is still rather *** all”。
2.C 文章没有提供这方面的信息。
3.B 文章提到专利费较高，此句说较低，与原意不符。
4.A 本题给出的信息是正确的。第二段有这样一句话：Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes.这就是选A的依据。
5.C 文章没有提供这方面的信息。
6.A 选A的依据是第三段之一句：... mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years ...
7.B 本题给出的信息是错误的。第四段第二句说明，这些芯片工厂的技术主要是从日本和新加坡进口的。
译文：微芯片研究中心成立
为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。
该中心将会应用自己的研究技术和设施，为本国芯片厂家开发新技术。这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的.技术的困境。由于许多外国 *** 担心先进技术会被用于军事目的，不允许这个国家的芯片生产厂家进口前沿技术，所以这些生产厂家处于一种被动局面。另外，由于这些芯片生产厂家必须向技术提供者支付高额的许可费，这也构成了他们决定要自力更生的一个重要原因。
由于主流芯片生产技术每隔 3～5年就要进行更新换代，所以掌握了新技术的厂家就可以以较低的成本制造出较好的芯片，而那些耗费数十亿美元建立起的厂家，如果设备落后，也将会被生产商所淘汰。
几个芯片厂正在建立之中，每个厂的造价都在几百万美元，其中大部分资金都流向了海外设备商和技术所有者——主要是日本和新加坡。
如果新建的芯片中心能在改变该国芯片行业的被动形势中起到重要作用，该国承认，一千四百万美元的投资仍是微不足道的。该国正在开发综合技术，大部分投资将用于与技术和知识产权所有者建立联盟。
Text three
The Biology of Music
Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers.
What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However, the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments. 1
Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?
If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.
Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they don’t automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer，had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand，sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.
By studying the physical effects of music on the body，scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. That’s why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someone’s mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally, when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa)， it may be a way of showing off.
However, Miller’s theory still doesn’t explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists，this is clearly an area that needs further research.
词汇：
automatically .自动地
note 音符
stroke 中风
注释：
1.It is also true that humans, not animals, have developed musical instruments：人研制出了乐器，而动物则不能。Develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科学家们正在研发新药用以治疗癌症。
练习：
1.Humans, but not animals, can sing.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
2.People can use music to communicate their emotions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
3.We use the same part of the brain for music and language.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
4.Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
5.It’s hard for humans to compose music.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
6.Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
7.Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
答案与题解：
1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that some animals can sing (and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些动物会唱歌，而不只人类会唱歌。
2.A 第三段的第三句：However, people can use music to communicate things — especially their emotions.这句清楚表明，人们可以用音乐来表达情感。
3.B 第四段说明：科学证明人们用大脑的不同区域处理语言和音乐。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子进一步说明人脑处理语言和音乐的位置不同，Shebalin中风以后不能讲话也听不懂别人的话，但他却能创作乐曲。
4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College，London，thinks that music and love have a strong connection.这句说明Miller对音乐和爱(情感)的关系进行了研究，他得出的结论是：音乐和爱有密切的关联。
5.C 文中没有提及创作乐曲是否困难。
6.B 第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句说明必须具备好的记忆力记音符才能唱得符合调子。
7.A 最后一段讲的是：科学家们需要做更多的研究才能解释为什么有些声音影响我们的情感会如此之深。也就是说，科学家不能全部解释音乐对人类的影响。
译文：音乐生物学
人们把音乐作为一种高效的交流方式，在爱情中它也可能会起到重要的作用。但是音乐是什么?它又是如何起到神奇的效果?科学界还没有给出答案。
哪两项事物使得人类不同于动物?一个是语言，另一个是音乐。当然一些动物会唱歌 (并且许多鸟唱得比很多人都好听) ，但是，动物的歌声是有限的，比如鸟类和鲸鱼。同样，是人类而不是动物开发出了乐器。
音乐是个奇怪的东西，它与语言有明显的不同。但是，人们能够用音乐去传达——尤其是情感。当音乐与歌曲中的语言结合在一起的时候，它就是一种强有力的表达方式。但是，从生物学来讲，音乐是什么?
如果音乐与语言真的不同，那么我们应该在大脑的不同区域内对音乐和语言进行加工处理，科学证据也证实了这一点。
有时，受过脑损伤的人会丧失他们处理语言的能力。但是，他们不会自动地丢失音乐才能。比如，维沙翁·舍巴林，一位苏联作曲家，在1953 年得了中风。他的大脑的左半边受到损害，他再也不能说话或是理解别人的话，但是他仍然能够谱曲，直到十年后他离开人世。另一方面，中风有时会使人们丧失音乐能力，但是他们仍然能够说话也能听懂别人的话。这就说明大脑是分别加了处理音乐和语言的。
通过研究音乐在人身体上的物理效应，科学家也了解到许多关于音乐是如何影响情感的。但是，为什么音乐对我们有如此强烈的影响?这是一个更难回答的问题。伦敦大学学院的研究员杰弗里·米勒认为音乐和爱有紧密的关，音乐需要特殊才能、练习和体能。这也许是一种方式让你展示你适合做某人的伴侣。比如，按调唱歌或者弹奏乐器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的记忆力来记住音符。能正确地演奏或者唱出这些音符也证明你的听力也非常好。所以，当一个男人唱给他心爱的女人时(反之亦然) 音乐就可能成为一种展示的方式。
然而，米勒的理论仍然不能解释为什么声音的特定结合可以深深地影响我们的情感。对于科学家来说，这显然是一个需要深入研究的领域。
